| INDEX.
The references are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. The
following abbreviations are used: ace. = accusative; adj. = adjective;
adv. = adverb; expr. = expressed; ftn. = footnote; inf. = infinitive;
intrans. = intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. = transitive. For
Esperanto words whose use or meaning is specially explained, references
are given in the Vocabulary.
A.
Abbreviations, 286; of ordinals, p. 107, ftn. Abstract nouns, 202.
Accent, 8; of elided word, 280, b. Accompaniment, 70; distinguished
from instrumentality and opposition, p. 49, ftn. Accordance, expr. by laŭ,
191. Active voice, participles of, 108, 119, 152; tenses of, see Tenses;
synopsis of, 267. Accusative, ending, 23; of adj., 24; of pronoun, 37;
of adv., 69, 121; of direction, 46, 108; of measure, 139; of time, 91; distinguished
from temporal adv., 94; with temporal adv., 93; when avoided, 92; after adv.,
266; with intrans. verb, 264; with nouns expressing motion, 263; in composition,
p. 132, ftn.; instead of prepositional phrase, 265, 266; not used after prep.,
36, (al, ĝis, tra) 46, (preter) p. 139, ftn.; not used with article,
25; not used with predicates, 25, 210; "cognate," see acc. with intrans. verbs,
264, a. Adjectives, defined, 12; ending of, 12; formation of, 116, (from
adv.) 171, (from prep.) 159; attributive, 13; acc. of, 24; plural of, 17; agreement,
(with nouns) 17, 21, 24, (with pronouns) 33, (with words connected by nek)
31; comparison of, 74; possessive, 43, (pronominal use of) 45; predicate, 19,
(after trans, verbs) 210; use of, distinguished from adv. with da, 103;
demonstrative, 65; distributive, 177; indefinite, 208; interrogative, 112; negative,
224; reflexive possessive, 44; relative, 150; causative verbs from roots of, 214,
a; intrans. verbs from roots of, 232, c; cardinal, 136; ordinal, 149. Adverbs,
defined, 66; primary, 66; derived, 79; (from prep.) 120; demonstrative, (tie)
68, (tiam) 73, (tial) 78, (tiel) 88, (tiom) 104; interrogative,
(kie) 118, (kiam) 123, (kial) 129, (kiel) 134, (kiom)
140, (ĉu) 30, p. 38, ftn.; relative, (kie) 151, (kiam) 155,
(kiel) 156, p. 170, ftn., (kiom) 164; distributive, (ĉie)
182, (ĉiam) iS7, (ĉial) 188, (ĉiel) 193, (ĉiom) 194;
indefinite, (ie) 209, (iam) 212, (ial) 213, (iel)
216, (iom) 217; negative, (nenie) 225, (neniam) 226, (nenial)
229, (neniel) 230, (neniom) 231, (ne) 27, 66, a; generalizing,
(ajn) 236; numeral, 158; position of, 66, a; expressing direction of motion,
69, 121; with expressions of time, 93; distinguishing from acc. of time, 94; with
acc., 266; with prep., 87; calling attention, (jen) 228; causative verbs
from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; as interjections, p. 216, ftn.; derivation
of words from primary, 171. Adverbial clauses, p. 168, ftn.; participle,
222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn. Adversative conjunctions, p.
32, ftn. Advice, expression of, 257, 259. Affectionate diminutives,
283 (also 198, and ftn., p. 221). Affirmation, 66. Affixes, see
Prefixes, Suffixes. Agency, expr. by de, 169. Agreement,
of attributive adj., 17, (with acc.) 24; of predicate noun and adj., 21; of adj.
with two or more nouns, 17; of adj. with words connected by nek, 31; of
adj. with pronouns, 33; of participle, 108; of nouns in apposition, 48. Alphabet,
I. Anticipation, expr. by clause, 97; by inf. with prep., 98. Aoristic
tenses, explained, p. 78, ftn.; conjugation of, (present) 14, (past) 35, (future)
55, (conditional) 241, (imperative), 254. Apposition, 48. Argumentative
conjunction, p. 32, ftn. Article, definite, 11; invariable, 18, 25;
for possessive adj., 47; with possessive adj., 45; generic, 201, 218, b, elision
of, 280, a; no indefinite, II. Assumption, defined, 240; implied, 244.
Augmentatives, 122. Auxiliary verbs, 109.
C.
Cardinal numerals, 136; formation of, 142. Case, see Accusative,
Dative, Nominative, Possessive. Causative verbs, 214. Cause, expr.
by clause, 83; by pro, 86; by ke, p. 222, ftn. Characteristic,
expr. by kun, 76; by adverbial participle, 222. Clauses, defined, p. 34,
ftn.; adverbial, p. 168, ftn.; causal, 83; of anticipation, 97; of duration of
time, 96; of imaginative comparison, 250; of purpose, 262; of result, 105; subordinate
imperative, 259. "Cognate acc.," see acc. with intrans. verbs, 264. Collective
nouns, 126. Collective sense given by use of da, 103. Commands,
expression of, 256; in subordinate clause, 259. Complement of prep., 36.
Complementary inf., 29. Comparison, of adj., 74; of adv., 79; of
words expressing quantity, 81; containing ol, 82; ju and des
in, 84. Composition, see Compounds. Compound tenses, explained,
109; of impersonal verbs, 179; conjugation of, see Tenses. Compounds, dependent,
176; descriptive, 167; possessive, 184. Conclusion (of conditions) defined,
240; (of letters), see Correspondence. Concrete nouns, formation of, 227.
Conditional mood, 241; compound tenses of, 242; in contrary to fact conditions,
246; in less vivid conditions, 243; independent use of, 244; of devi, 247;
conditional sentences, see Conditions. Conditions, defined, 240; contrary to fact,
246; factual, 240; less vivid, 243; vivid, p. 189, ftn.; summary of, 249. Conjugation,
34; synopsis of, 267; of tenses, see Tenses. Conjunctions, defined, 52;
coordinating, 52; subordinating, 53, (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.; aŭ, p.
32, ftn.; kaj, 26, p. 32, ftn.; ke, (in indirect statements), 53,
(in causal clauses) 83, p. 222, ftn.; (in result clause) 105, (in purpose clause)
262, (in subordinate imperative clause) 259; kvazaŭ, 250; nek, 31,
p. 32, ftn.; se, 240; sed, p. 32, ftn.; tamen, p. 32, ftn.;
do, p. 32, ftn.; see p. 110, ftn. Connection, expr. by de,
49; indefinite, expr. by je, 260. Consent, expression of, 257, (in
subordinate clauses) 259. Consonants, combinations of, 6; pronunciation
of, 3, names of, 4. Contrary to fact conditions, 246. Coordinating conjunctions,
52. Copulative conjunctions, p. 32, ftn. Correlative words, 235.
Correspondence, 278.
D.
Dates, expr. by acc., 91; expr. by antaŭ, 90; expr. by
prep., 89; on letters, see Correspondence, 278.
"Dative," ethical, of reference, of separation, p. 197, ftn.
Definite quantity, nouns of, followed by de, 100.
Degree, advs. of, 66, (tiel) 88, (kiel) 134, 156; highest
possible, 162; see also Comparison.
Deliberation, expression of, 257, (in subordinative clause) 259.
Demonstrative, pronoun, (tiu) 56, (ĉi tiu) 60,
(tio, ĉi tio) 233; adjective, 65; adv., see Adverbs.
Dependent compounds, 176.
Derivation, of adv., 79, (from prep.) 120; of words from prep., 159; of
words from primary adv., 171.
Descriptive compounds, 167.
Diminutives, 198; affectionate, 283.
Diphthongs, 5.
Direct object, defined, 23; inf. as, see Complementary inf., 29; clause
as, 53, 259; of complementary inf., 29; of participle, 108; of prep.,
see Complement, 36.
Direction, expr. by acc. (of noun) 46, 263, (of adv.) 121.
Disjunctive conjunctions, p. 32, ftn.
Distributive, prep., see po, 175; pronoun, (ĉiu) 173,
(ĉio) 233; adj., 177; adv., see Adverbs.
Double letters, 6, e.
E.
Elision, 280.
Emphasis, by eĉ, 66; by ja, 215.
Emphatic negation, 27.
Ending, of acc., 23; of adj., 12; of adv., 79; of noun, 10; of plural,
16; of inf., 28; of indicative, 14, 35, 55; of conditional, 241, of
imperative, 254; of participle, see Participles.
"Ethical dative," p. 197, ftn.
Exclamations, 115; use of je in, 260.
Exhortation, 255.
Expedience, expressions of, 259.
F.
Factual conditions, 240.
Feminine nouns, formation of, 59.
Formation, of words, 116; of opposites, 67, of feminines, 59; with
-ig- and -iĝ-, 239; from primary words, 159, 171.
Fractions, 166.
Frequentative verbs, 218, a.
Future participle, (active) 152, (passive) 199.
Future tense, 55, (progressive) 114, (passive) 183, periphrastic, 153,
200.
Future perfect tense, 148, (passive) 196.
G.
Generic article, 201. 218, b. Generalizing adv. ajn, 236.
H.
Highest degree possible, 162.
I.
Imaginative comparison, 250.
Imperative mood, 254; in commands and prohibitions, 256; in resolve and
exhortation, 255, in subordinate clauses, 259;. less peremptory uses
of, 257; to express purpose, 262.
Imperfect tense, 113, (passive) 178.
Impersonal verbs, 50, compound tenses of, 179; modifiers of, 141.
Impersonally used verbs, explained, 141; modifiers of, 141.
Inchoative verbs, 232, a.
Indefinite connection, expr. by je, 260.
Indefinite, pronoun, (iu) 203, (io) 233; (personal) 54;
adj., 208; advs., see Adverbs; prep., 260; suffix, 268; quantity,
expressions of, with da, 99, 101.
Independent use of conditional mood, 244.
Indicative mood, defined, 241; tenses of, see Synopsis, 267.
"Indirect object," see al.
Indirect quotation, tenses in, 58; statements in, 53; questions in,
p. 38, ftn.; p. 170, ftn.
Infinitive, defined, 28, 241; ending of, 28; complementary, 29; as
subject, 29; modifiers of, 130; synopsis of, 267; with prep., 98;
replaced by noun, 218, b.
Instruction, (orders), requests for, 257, 259.
Instrumentality, expr. by per, 64; distinguished from
accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Instruments, formation of names of, 63.
Intensive pronoun, mem, 219.
Intention, expr. by clause, 259.
Interjections, 273.
International money system, 285; weights and measures, 284.
Interrogation, 30, 66, a.
Interrogative, pronoun, (kiu) 106, (kio) 233; adj., 112; advs.,
see Adverbs.
Intransitive verbs, defined, 22; no passive, p. 122, ftn.; from adj.
roots, 232, c; from noun roots, advs., preps., suffixes, prefixes,
232, d; from trans, verb roots, 232, b, (table of), 279.
Introductory particle, not needed, 50, 51.
Invariability, of article, 18; of mem, 219; of verb, 18; of
cardinals, 136.
Inversion, not needed in questions, 30.
L.
Less peremptory uses of imperative, 257.
Less vivid conditions, 243.
Letters, names of, 4; double, pronunciation of, 6, e; see also
Correspondence, 278.
Limitation of third personal pronoun, 42.
M.
Manner, expr. by kun, 76; expr. by. per, p. 53, ftn.; by
adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see Adverbs. Material, expression
of, 197. Means, expression of, 64. Measure, ace. of, 139; expr.
by je, 260. Measures, weights and, 284. Metric system, 284.
Modifiers of impersonally used verbs, 141. Money system, The international,
285. Mood, defined, 241; inf., see Infinitive; conditional, 241; imperative,
254; indicative, see 267; in conditions, see Conditions. Moral obligation,
247. Motive or reason, advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by clause, 83; expr.
by prep., 86.
N.
Names, of letters, 4; orthography of proper, 128.
Necessity, expression of, 259.
Negative, pronoun, (neniu) 220; (nenio) 233; adj., 224;
advs., see Adverbs; conjunction, 31.
"Nominative absolute," how rendered, p. 169, ftn.
Nominative case, ending of, (for nouns) 10, (for adj.) 12; of predicate
noun and adj., 25, 210; with prep., 36, (al, ĝis,
tra) 46.
Noun, defined, 10, ending of, 10, plural of, 16; acc. of, 23; elision
of, 280, b; feminine, 59; numeral, 157; participial, 205; predicate,
20, 211; possessive case of, 49; expressing motion, followed by acc.,
263; expressing quantity, followed by da, 99, by de,
100; replacing inf., 218, b; replacing participial phrase, p. 193,
ftn.; from adv., 171; from prep., 159.
Noun roots, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d.
Number, see Plural.
Numeral nouns, 157; advs., 158.
Numerals, cardinal, 136; formation of, 142; fractional, 166; ordinal,
149; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.; followed by el, 138.
O.
Object, see Direct object, Indirect object, Complement.
Obligation, 247, (moral) 247.
Opposites, formation of, 67; of pli and plej, 80.
Opposition, distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Order, of word endings, p. 10, ftn.; see also Position.
Ordinal numerals, 149; advs., 158; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.
Orthography, of proper nouns, 128.
P.
Part of the whole, expression of, (after noun) 99, (after adv.) 101. Participial
nouns, 205; advs., 222. Participle, defined, 108; agreement of, 108;
adverbial, 222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.; present, 108, (passive)
165; past, 119, (passive) 189; future, 152, (passive) 199. Particle, introductory,
not needed, 50, 51. Partitive construction, p. 74, ftn. Passive voice,
agent of, 169; participles of, see Participles; tenses of, see Tenses; of -ig-
formations, 239; distinguished from -iĝ- formations, 232, b. Past tense,
35, (passive) see Imperfect; past participle, see Participles. Past periphrastic
future, 153, (passive) 200. Past inception, present action with, 131.
Peremptory commands and prohibitions, 256, 259. Perfect tense, 124,
(passive) 190; perfect participle, see Past participle. Periphrastic futures,
153, (passive) 200. Permission, expression of, 269. Perplexity,
expression of, 257, 259. Personal pronouns, 32; acc. of, 37; indefinite,
54; reflexive, 39, 40; limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic,
274. Place, expr. by ĉe, 125; advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by -ej-,
III; 128. Pluperfect tense, 135, (passive), 195. Plural, of nouns,
16; of pronouns, 56, 106, 203, 173, 220; of adj., 16; of unu, 137; none
of article, 18; none of pronouns ending in -o, 233. Position, of
attributive adj., 13; of adv., 66, a; of emphatic negative, 27; of unemphatic
pronoun, 274; of interrogative adv., 30. Possession, expr. by de,
49. Possessive, adjective, 43; reflexive, 44; article for, 47; ftn., p.
221. Possessive case of nouns, 49; of pronouns, (ties) 62, (kies)
107, 147, (ĉies) 174, (ies) 204, (nenies) 221; see also Possessive
adjective, 43. Possessive compounds, 184. "Possessive pronouns,"
p. 24, ftn. Possibility, expression of, 270. Predicate, adj., 19,
agreement of, 21; after trans, verbs, 210; noun, 20; agreement of, 21; after trans.
verb, 211; clause as, 259. Prefixes, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans.
verbs from, 232, d; prep. as, 160, 248; adverb as, 71, 167, a, interjection as,
p. 216, ftn.; bo-, 277; dis-, 245; duon-, 277; ek-,
206; eks-, 281; ge-, 271; mal-, 67; pra-, 282; re-,
223. Prepositions, defined, 36; with inf., 98; with adv., 87; with other
preps., 87; case use with, 36, 46; expressing time relations, 89; as prefixes,
160; word derivation from, 159; advs. from, 120; causative verbs from, 214, c;
intrans. verbs from, 232, d; making intrans. verbs trans., 264, b, c; see also
references in Vocabulary. Prepositional phrase, acc. instead of, 265, 266.
Present action with past inception, 131. Present periphrastic future,
153, (passive) 200. Present participle, 108, (passive) 165. Present
tense, 14, (progressive) 110, (passive) 168. Primary adverbs, defined,
66; derivation of words from, 171. Probability, expression of, 270. Progressive
tenses, present, 110, future, 114; passive, 200. Prohibition, expression
of, 256, 259. Pronominal adjective, possessive adj. as, 45; pronoun as,
(tiu) 57, 60, (kiu) 106, 146, (ĉiu) 173, (iu) 203,
(neniu) 220, (ambaŭ) 238. Pronouns, defined, 32; agreement
with, 33; personal, 32; indefinite personal, 54; reflexive, 38, 39, 40, (in composition)
p. 132, ftn.; possessive, p. 24, ftn.; possessive form of, see Possessive case;
limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274; correlation of
predicative or relative, 234; followed by el, 173, p. 115, ftn.; series
in -o, 233; demonstrative, 56, 60, 233; distributive, 173, 233; indefinite,
203, 233; interrogative, 106, 233; negative, 220, 233; relative, 146; 233; summary,
235; ambaŭ, 238; intensive, 219. Proper nouns, orthography of, 128.
Protestations, use of je in, 260. Proximity, expr. by ĉi,
60, 66, p. 229, ftn. Purpose, expr. by inf., 98; by imperative, 262; by
prep., 95.
Q.
Quantity, construction with nouns expressing, 99, 100; construction with
advs. expressing, 101; advs. of, (tiom) 104, (kiom)
140, 164, (ĉiom) 194, (iom) 217, (neniom)
231; comparison of advs. expressing, 81.
Questions, 30; indirect, p. 38, ftn., p. 170, ftn.; of deliberation,
perplexity, or for instructions, 257, 259.
Quotations, indirect, 53, 58.
R.
Reciprocal expressions, 180. Reference, expr. by al, 251.
Reflexive pronouns, of first and second persons, 39; of third person, 40;
with substantival inf., 130. Reflexive possessive adjective, 44. Reflexive
verbs, 41; distinguished from verbs in -iĝ-, 232, b. Relative pronoun,
(kiu) 146, (kio) 233; not omitted, p. 106, ftn. Relative adjective,
150; relative adverb, see Adverbs. Relative clause, see 146, 233, (temporal)
155, (of manner) 156, (quantitative) 164. Request, expression of, 257,
259; for instructions, 257, 259. Resolve, expression of, 255. Result,
clauses of, 105. Root, defined, p. 42, ftn. Route, expression of,
191.
S.
Salutations, 115.
Separation, expr. by de, 170; expr. by al, 252; by
for, 71; by dis-, 245.
Situation, expr. by ĉe, 125; by adverbial participle, 222.
Source, expr. by de, 170.
Statements, indirect, 53; tenses in, 58.
Subject, defined, 15; preceded by verb, 51; inf. as, 130; clause as,
141, 259; of adverbial participle, 222.
Subordinate clause, defined, 53; imperative in, 259, 262; conditional
in, see Conditions, 243, 246.
Subordinating conjunctions, ke, 53, 105, 259 (tial ke) 83,
p. 222, ftn.; (por ke) 262; (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.;
se, 240; kvazaŭ, 250; ĉu, p. 38, ftn.
Substantive, defined, p. 71, ftn.; inf. as, 98, 130; clause as, 53, 259.
Substitution, expr. by prep., p. 63, ftn.; expr. by prep. with inf., 98;
of noun for inf., 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
Suffixes, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232,
d; -ad-, 218; -aĉ-, 272; -aĵ-,
227; -an-, 145; -ar-, 126; -ĉj-, 283;
-ebl-, 161; -ec-, 202; -eg-, 122; -ej-,
111; -em-, 192; -er-, 276; -estr-, 253;
-et-, 198; -id- 207; -ig-, 214, 239, 275;
-iĝ-, 232, 239, 279; -il-, 63; -in-,
59; -ind-, 154; -ing-, 237; -ist-, 172, p.
154, ftn.; -nj-, 283; -obl-, 186; -on-, 166;
-op-, 261; -uj-, 181; -ul-, 132; -um-,
268.
Summary of conditions, 249.
Superlatives, (adj.) 74, (adv.) 79; followed by el, 75.
Syllables, 7.
Synonyms, apparent, (diri: paroli: rakonti) 77, (koni:
scii) 117, (tempo; fojo) 127, (loĝi: vivi)
133, (antikva: maljuna: malnova) p. 128, ftn., 67,
(ĉiu: tuta) p. 130, ftn., (indiferenta: nezorga)
p. 162, ftn., (provi: peni: juĝi) p. 228, ftn.,
(ĝuste: juste: ĵus) p. 198, ftn., (ankoraŭ:
jam) p. 124, ftn., p. 112, ftn., (troviĝi: sin trovi:
kuŝi: sidi) p. 217, ftn.
Synopsis of the verb, 267.
System, correlative, 235; metric, 284; of money, 285.
T.
Temporal clauses, 96, 155. Temporal adverbs, 66, (tiam) 73,
(kiam) 123, 155, (ĉiam) 187, (iam) 212, (neniam) 226,
(jam) p. 124, ftn. (ankoraŭ) p. 112, ftn., (ĵus) p. 116,
ftn. Tenses, aoristic, p. 78, ftn.; compound, 109; (of impersonal verbs)
179; in indirect quotations, 58; in conditions, 249; of inf., 267; of conditional,
241, 242; of imperative, 254; present, 14, (progressive) 110, (passive) 168, past,
35, (passive) 178; future, 55, (progressive) 114; (passive) 183; imperfect, 113,
(passive) 178; perfect, 124, (passive) 190; pluperfect, 135, (passive) 195; future
perfect, 148, (passive) 190; periphrastic, 153, (passive) 200; synopsis of all,
267. Terminations, see Endings. Terms of address, 163; affectionate,
283, p. 221, ftn. Time, of day, 185; expr. by prep., 89; expr. by acc.,
91; expr. by clause, 96, 155; expr. by adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see
Temporal adverbs. Titles, 163; use of moŝto, 258. Transitive
verbs, defined, 22; formed by -ig-, 214; from intrans. roots, 264,
b, c; list of some, 275.
U.
Unemphatic words, position of, (negative) 27, (pronoun) 274.
V.
Verbal nouns in -ad-, 218, b, p. 193, ftn.
Verbal roots, causative verbs from, 214, b.
Verbs, mood of, 241; invariable, 18; causative, 214; frequentative,
218, a; inchoative, 232, a; impersonal, 50; reflexive, 41; trans.,
defined, 22; trans, from intrans. roots, 275; intrans., defined,
22; intrans. from trans. roots, 232, b, 279; from prep., 159; from
adv., 171; conjugation of, 34, (synopsis) 267, preceding the subject,
51; as interjection, p. 216, ftn.; implied, (in comparisons) 82,
156, 250; (in salutations) 115, (in exclamations) 115, 228; with
prepositional phrase containing da, 102.
Vivid conditions, p. 189, ftn.
Vowels, pronunciation of, 2.
W.
Way, expression of, (manner) 76, (route) 191.
Weights and measures, 284.
Wish, expression of, 257, 259.
Words, correlative, 235; formation of, 116; from prepositions, 159;
from primary advs., 171; composition of, see Compounds; order of, in
question, 30; see also Position.
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